As the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi Aryamehr, 59, flew out with his queen, Farah, for a ‘holiday’ abroad; a
fairy tale came to an end. His Imperial Highness, whose claim of belonging to a
2,500-year-old dynasty of emperors.
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| Coronation of His Imperial Majesty Reza shah Pahlavi |
The Shah left Iran in
exile on 16 January 1979, as the last Persian monarch, leaving his duties to a
regency council and Shapour Bakhtiar, who was an opposition-based prime
minister.
Ayatollah Khomeini was invited back
to Iran by the government, and returned to Tehran to a greeting by several thousand
Iranians. The royal reign collapsed shortly after, on 11 February, when
guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed troops loyal to the Shah in armed
street fighting, bringing Khomeini to official power.
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| His Imperial Majesty Reza Shah Pahlavi |
in 1980.Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran on 1 February after 14 years’
exile. He threw out Dr Bahktiar’s government on 11 February and, after a
referendum, declared an Islamic Republic on 1 April. Khomeini guided his
country’s revolutionary social, legal, and political development until his
death in 1989.
 |
| Khomeini returned to Iran in 1979 after 14 years exile |
The year was 1979. His Imperial Majesty, the Shahanshah,
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, was homeless and gravely ill. The once-powerful
monarch who had ruled a modern prosperous country for 37 years from the
majestic Peacock Throne, commanded a powerful army and controlled massive oil
wealth, had been driven out of Iran by the followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah
Khomeini.
He was now
desperately seeking refuge, wandering from country to country, while battling a
terminal illness, Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, a form of cancer of the immune
system.
The Pahlavi dynasty
The Pahlavi family
reigned over Iran from 1925 to 1979. Founding father Reza Shah Pahlavi was born
Reza Khan and came from a humble background.
He soon rose up the ranks from
soldier to military leader to oust the last ruler of the Qajar dynasty, which
consolidated power in the late 1780s. Reza Shah held court until 1941, when a
British and Russian invasion forced him to abdicate. His son, Mohammad Reza
Pahlavi, took over.
The younger Pahlavi
wasn’t as beloved or as confident a ruler as his father. But then the tides
turned, at least for a bit, in his favor. In 1953, the United States and
Britain were confronted with a problem: Iranian nationalist leader Mohammad
Mossadegh had been elected prime minister and was pushing to nationalize Iran’s
oil industry, in which the two Western powers were heavily invested.
In the political upheaval, the shah fled. So the CIA and
M16, loath to lose access to Iran’s markets, orchestrated a coup to oust
Mossadegh and return the shah. Iran’s ruler was now back — and determined to
hold on to power.
“At the same time, there is a reason there was
a popular revolution against the shah. The monarchy was facing a crisis of
legitimacy because of the political repression of the shah’s regime.”
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| Reza Shah Pahlavi with Shahbanu queen Farha |
In February,
pro-Khomeini revolutionary guerrilla and rebel soldiers had taken over the
street fighting. The military stepped to the side and, on the evening of 11th
February 1977, the Shah’s reign was over. The revolutionaries had won. The
Iranian monarchy was formally abolished, and Iran was declared an Islamic
Republic led by Khomeini, who took over the reins of power.
The Revolutionary government in Iran ordered the arrest
(and later execution) of the Shah and the Shahbanu. The Shah and his family had
already fled into exile to Egypt on 16th January 1979, as Egyptian President
Anwar El Sadat and First Lady Jehan Al Sadat were personal friends.
However, Iran started
pressing for extradition. Over the next 14 months, to keep trouble at bay, one
by one country around the world shut their doors on the royal family. After
Egypt, the Pahlavis stayed briefly in Morocco as guests of King Hassan II.
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| With Indira Gandhi Prime Minister of India |
it was
estimated that the Shah had a personal fortune of $1 billion. Despite this
wealth, the family had nowhere to go.
The Pahlavis headed to the Caribbean, where they were
granted temporary refuge in the Bahamas on Paradise Island, which the Empress
recalled as the “darkest days in her life.
” The Shah tried to buy the island for $425
million, but his offer was rejected. Next stop was South America.
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| Leaving Iran |
Mexico issued them a
short visa and they moved into a rented villa in Cuernavaca near Mexico City.
The stress took a toll and the Shah’s long-term illness of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma, a cancer of the immune system, rapidly got worse.
They got permission
to seek medical treatment in the U.S. Iranis became incensed with the U.S.
government for harboring the Shah and they attacked the American Embassy in
Tehran.
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| Khomeini returned to Iran in 1979 after 14 years of exile |
The bungled attempt by the U.S. to rescue the Americans Embassy staff
and citizens that were held hostage for 444 days became known as the Iran
hostage crisis. Again, the Shah and his family became a liability to the host
nation and were asked to leave. This time, they headed to Contadora Island,
Panama.
Learning
that, succumbing to Irani pressure, the Panamanian Government wanted to arrest
the Shah and extradite him to Iran, Farah pleaded with Jehan Al Sadat to let
them return to Egypt.
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| Return of Khomeini in Iran |
With the Shah engaged in a
life-and-death struggle with cancer, the US Government wanted him to leave the
country. Former queen Farah Pahlavi in desperation contacted Jehan Sadat, wife
of the President of Egypt for help.
In
the face of dire threats from Iran and opposition from domestic extremists,
President Sadat bravely extended an invitation to them to come to Egypt. He
personally welcomed the bedraggled royal family at the airport and lodged them
at the stately Koubbeh Palace.
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| Tomb of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Cairo |
After the Shah’s death, the exiled
Shahbanu remained in Egypt for nearly two years. She was the regent in pretence
from 27 July to 31 October 1980.President Anwar Sadat gave her and her family
use of Koubbeh Palace in Cairo.
A few months after President Sadat’s
assassination in October 1981, the Shahbanu and her family left Egypt.
President Ronald Reagan informed her that she was welcome in the United States.
The End
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