Al-Mu’tadid bi-llah was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 892 until his death in 902.
On
the night the Caliph dined at his governor's house, he was captivated by a
beautiful Rumiyya slave of a slender body and dark complexions serving his
daughter. The next day, the Caliph purchased the slave girl and she was brought
to the Abbasid harem. The Caliph named her Naem, meaning 'the soft one'.
Caliph
Ahmad al Mutadid had inherited his father’s virtuous qualities and his mother,
the Byzantine slave Dirar's ambition. An elegant but strict ruler nearing his
mid-30s, Ahmad never married but kept numerous slave lovers.
Naem
became his favorite, but after a few weeks, he turned his attention to other
women. She started stirring up problems with hopes that he would return to her.
Her riot caused the
Caliph to change her name to Shaghab.This increased after she gave birth to a
son, Prince Jafar, becoming um walad ‘mother of a prince’.
The
Caliph ordered her to withdraw to her quarters and raise her son. Shaghab’s
problems were endless but the more she tried, the more he drifted away.
She secretly killed the
Caliph's lovers. Ladies started dropping like flies in the dark corridors of
the Abbasid palace.
The
Caliph soon married the beautiful Princess of Egypt, Qatr al Nada (Arabic for
dewdrop) in one of the most expensive weddings in history.
The
happy marriage did not last long. The Princess was killed under mysterious
circumstances and all fingers were pointed toward Shaghab.
Shaghab’s new competitor at court was a
slave concubine called Duraira. The caliph went so far as to build her a
private pool. Feeling jealous, Shaghab leaked this information to the indecent
poet Ibn Bassam.
The
Caliph became a subject of public mockery, but he did not abandon his lover.
Eventually, Shaghab had her murdered.
Then
the Caliph fell madly in love with another concubine called Fitna.
He
was attached to her more after she gave birth to his favorite son Muhammad.
Ahmad had always hated Shaghab and despised her son.
He was about to kill the young boy when he once saw him sharing food with the servants’ children. In this dark court, Shaghab continued to protect Jafar against conspiracies.
The
young boy grew up in a ruthless environment, watching his mother humiliated by
his father, and witnessing her pain and suffering. When Fitna died, Shaghab
raised Muhammad like her own.
By Spring 902, the Caliph got gravely ill. It was an open
secret that he was poisoned.
Everyone
at court was in turmoil. When the news of his death finally arrived, his
24-year-old son Ali succeeded him. The young man, however, was of sickly
disposition since childhood.
He was ill for much of his
reign. When his situation deteriorated, Shaghab, now a freedwoman, formed a
secret alliance with an ambitious, charismatic, and well-cultured Arab official
Ali Ibn al Furat.
When
it became clear that the Caliph was dying, Ibn al Furat with intelligence and
eloquence, convinced the vizier to set aside the experience of Abbasid prince
Abdullah ibn Al Mutaz and nominated the 13-year-old Jafar.
The plan worked and the underaged
prince was placed on the Abbasid throne. The following year, a group of
administrators plotted a coup to dethrone the new caliph. Jafar was deposed.
Working
with Ibn al Furat, Shaghab spent high sums on men and leaders who quickly
stopped this coup attempt. The former vizier was arrested and Ibn al Furat was
appointed Head of Ministers.
Shaghab assumed the role of the Queen
Mother, ruling the Caliphate on behalf of her son with utmost power for nearly
two decades.
Throughout
his reign, Shaghab was Jafar Al Muqtadir’s advisor, providing him with
political advice. Al Muqtadir reigned as a distant caliph, protected by
barriers and staff, almost inaccessible. His court displayed Arab power through
ceremonial pomp and grandeur.
When
Byzantine envoys arrived in Baghdad, they had to go through a series of
physical and psychological barriers. The vizier Ibn al Furat along with court
attendants orchestrated these meetings.
The
influence of Shaghab was mirrored in the Abbasid harem. Soon, her court was
filled with Byzantine attendants. As a Queen, Shaghab lived in utmost luxury
which was reflected in the Abbasid court’s opulence.
Her
economic power and enormous wealth were based on the vast agricultural estates
she owned. Shaghab ran a parallel bureaucracy with secretaries devoted to both
civil and military affairs.
She was also a
trendsetter, wearing the most beautiful outfits made of the very best fabrics
and rarest gems and pearls.
No person in the Empire could match her
prestige, wealth, and power. She supported the reign through her financial
contributions. With time, Jafar grew up to become a handsome, young man, with a
beautiful white face, a healthy body, and of calm nature.
He
spent his time in leisure and turned to his mother and mentor Ibn al Furat for
the affairs of the Caliphate.
Political
turmoil overshadowed the Caliphate since the start of Al Muqtadir’s reign. A
secret network was forming in North Africa under an Arab dynasty that would be
known as the Fatimids.
Within
a few years, the first rival Caliphate in Abbasid history was established in
Egypt. After that, the Umayyads in Al Andalus announced their own Caliphate.
The
existence of 3 Arab Caliphates heavily destabilized the Muslim world. The
neighboring Byzantine Empire was ruled by an infant child dominated by his
scandalous mother.
The
war between the Romans and Arabs was chronic on the Easter borders. Both
empires attacked and raided each other.
Shaghab and Jafar were struggling with
domestic rebellions. During this period, Baghdad saw the rising star of Al
Hallaj, one of the most influential figures during Al Muqtadir’s reign.
Al
Hallaj was in favor of the caliph’s mother, yet his teachings aroused many
suspicious comments in the Muslim sphere. When Al Hallaj took advantage of the
conflicting state in the Caliphate to support a rebel movement, he was sent to
prison.
 |
| Execution of AL Hallaj |
Things
did not settle down for long. The year 924 which became known as the “Year of
Destruction”, witnessed the Qarmatians' attack on the Hajj caravan moving from
Mecca to Baghdad.
Shaghab
ordered half a million dinars of her own to be transferred to the public
treasury for the troops. She prepared soldiers and arms and successfully
defeated the Qarmatian rebels. She also intervened in resolving the financial
crisis that afflicted the Caliphate’s finances which suffered a large deficit.
But matters were tense between Shaghab and
Ibn al Furat, whose increasing power was enough to facilitate a coup against
the caliph. After a cunning plot, Ibn al Furat was arrested, trialed, tortured,
and executed in July of the same year.
The severe economic constraint only brought more
disobedience from the army.
Al
Muqtadir demanded help from his mother who was ill and refused to aid him. The
Caliph went out and met the rebellions but was violently killed by their
swords.
Her
adopted son Muhammad al Qaher was enthroned. The new ungrateful Caliph did not
remember the kindness of his stepmother who raised him with her son and saved
him from death and banishment when Jafar became Caliph.
He
blamed her for the death of his mother Fitna and his first decision was to
abuse his late half-brother’s family. Shaghab and her former agent Um Musa were
arrested.
Shaghab was brought to trial where the judges read the
charges aloud.
Nothing like it had ever happened in the Caliphate before. The
new Caliph asked Shaghab to disclose the location of her hidden wealth. She
refused the claims saying that any money she owned would have been used to save
her son.
Shaghab spent her last
days in prison and died of excessive torture. Not so long after, the people
turned against Muhammad. When he refused to abdicate, a staged coup blinded him
and cast him into prison.
The end
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